-Map Study: With the help of available topographic maps are. -Reconnaissance Survey: A general idea of a topography and oth...

Grade separation is the method of aligning a junction of two or more surface transport axes at different heights so that they will not...

The various factors which affect the alignment of a road is -Purpose and class of road: The alignment should be selected accor...

The objects of highway planning are - -To plan overall road network for efficient and safe traffic operation but at minimum cost....

Alignment through hilly areas is different from the flat terrain. For the purpose of efficient and safe operation of vehicles through...

The centerline of the road finalized in the drawings is to be translated on the ground during the location survey. This is done by usi...

It is a large scale study of one or more feasible routes. Objectives The main objectives of the preliminary survey are: ...

The second stage of the survey for highway location is the reconnaissance to examine the general character of the area for deciding the ...